Dehydrating Time & Temperature Guide: Fruits, Vegetables, Meat, Herbs, Spices & Leather

How long a particular food should be dehydrated is the most asked question for any beginner and intermediate dehydrator users. If you want to try out the latest fruit leather recipe or make beef jerky at home, read on to know more about complete dehydrating times for different types of food.

If you are looking for maintenance of nutrition in food, and preventing its enzymes from dissipating, dehydrating food is the best solution. Enzymes or protein molecules that add nutritive value to food are preserved if the dehydrator is used. While some dehydrators such as the Ronco brand take days to dehydrate food, others like the Nesco model with Converga-Flow patented technology dehydrate items in hours. So you save a lot of time.

Dehydrating foods below 110 degree F is perfect for retaining its color, nutrition, and aroma, according to nutrition experts. Let’s delve deeper into the different time duration it takes for food to be dehydrated. After all, neither are fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, jerky or leather prepared the same way nor are they dehydrated for the same period of time.

Table of Content

• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Herbs & Spices
• Meat Jerky
• Fruit Leather
• Conclusion

Why Different Dehydrating Time for Different Food Items?

Dehydrating food is the best way to preserve its nutrients. Enzymes are an important part of food items because they assist the body in digestion and other processes. By using a food dehydrator, the nutritional value of food is preserved. How does this come about? The process of dehydrating removes water by warming food at low temperatures enabling the food to preserve its nutritional value while changing in texture, longevity and provide variety in food choices.

Whether you are dehydrating fruits or vegetables, herbs or spices, there is a difference in the dehydration time, because food is farmed and harvested in different quantities and contains differing levels of moisture and fats. Food is preserved using a dehydrator by decreasing moisture content and slowing down bacterial growth and spoilage thereby leading to longer shelf life.

The fruits increase in sweetness as a result of dehydration, because the water is removed. The dehydrated fruits and fruit roll-ups make for the perfect substitute for sugar and refined sweeteners.

Vegetables that are dehydrated work well as snacks or as added to salads, cold soups and much more. Vegetables and fruits, nuts and seeds can be dehydrated along with fruits to make toppings, crackers, granolas, spread, bread, and crusts.

1) Water Content and Dehydrating Time

Water content and acidity are limited factors for dehydrating foods. Water content comprises the moisture level of food. Water activity or the amount of water in food is the main target of the dehydrator.

2) Acidity and Dehydrating Times

Acidity is the pH level or level of hydrogen ions. A low pH level of 3.5 and less is completely acidic while high pH of 8.5 or more is alkaline. A pH value of 7 is neutral. If the food is .85 or below in water activity and pH level is 4.6 or below, it has a long shelf life. While sugar and salt lower water activity level, vinegar acid decreases the acidity of food.

How do you make out when someone is done or dehydrated completely? Break apart the food and if it is still dark in the center or wet compared to the external part in that moisture in the inner part of the food is high, the food is not done. Dehydrated or dried food should be stored in dry, dark and cool area. Recommended storage time ranges from as low as 3 months to as high as 1 year.

The higher the temperature, the shorter the storage life– this is the general thumb rule (1). Foods that are high in fats or not completely dehydrated have a lower storage life and need to be stored in the fridge or freezer.

When it comes to variance in dehydrating times, here are the rules that have been observed:

Rule 1: Thinner items dry more rapidly than thicker ones. This is because the water content in thinner foods is less so it takes less time to dehydrate. The thicker items, on the other hand, require a longer duration of heating for the airflow to penetrate the interior of the food.

Rule 2: The greater the sugar content, the higher the drying time. Sugar content also raises dehydrating times. So, foods such as fruits high in sucrose and glucose will take a longer time to dehydrate than less sugary items like herbs.

Rule 3: Fat raises the dehydrating time and risk of spoilage. Fat content is high in certain foods like meat jerky which raises dehydrating time and causes the risk of spoilage.

Rule 4: High humidity leads to an increase in dehydrating times high humidity means there is more moisture in the air. So dry air is harder to generate within the dehydrator and moist air also comes into contact with the food, causing the water levels to rise.

Rule 5: Dehydrators with fan dry food faster than those without fans. Fans circulate the heated air evenly across the dehydrator trays and ensure uniform, even drying. This makes models with fans a better investment if you want to dehydrate food quickly.

Fruits Dehydrating Time and Temperature Guide

Once the food has been pre-treated, it can easily be dehydrated. Placing the fruit in a single layer is important because pieces must not touch or overlap each other. The length of time recommended for fruits has been presented in the table below, with different pretreatment methods at 110-115 degree F(2):

Fruit	Mode of Preparation	Temperature	Method of Pretreating	Drying Time
Apples	Wash, peel and core; cut into slices or rings 1/8 inch thick	110-115 degree F	Ascorbic acid/fruit juice dip	6-12 hours
Apricots	Wash and remove pits. Cut in half. Slice if needed	110-115 degree F	Ascorbic acid/fruit juice dip	24-46 hours
Bananas	Choose bananas that are yellow with brown flecks. Peel and slice (1/4 to 3/8 inches thick)	110-115 degree F	Ascorbic acid/fruit juice dip	8-10 hours
Grapes	Leave whole but wash before drying.	110-115 degree F	Dip in water for 30 seconds at boiling temperature to check skin	12-20 hours
Pears	Wash, slice and quarter or halve the fruit	110-115 degree F	Ascorbic acid/fruit juice dip	24-36 hours
Peaches and Nectarines	Wash, slice and quarter the fruit	110-115 degree F	Ascorbic acid/fruit juice dip	36-48 hours
Pineapple	Wash, slice and quarter or halve the fruit	110-115 degree F	No pretreatment	24-36 hours
Persimmons	Wash, peel and core; cut into slices or rings 1/8 inch thick	110-115 degree F	No pretreatment	11-19 hours
Prune Plums	Wash, peel and core; cut into slices or rings 1/8 inch thick	110-115 degree F	No pretreatment	22-30 hours
Rhubarb	Wash, peel and core; cut into slices or rings 1/8 inch thick	110-115 degree F	No pretreatment	6-10 hours
Strawberries	Wash, peel and core; cut into slices or rings 1/8 inch thick	110-115 degree F	No pretreatment	7-15 hours
Watermelon	Wash, slice and quarter or halve the fruit	110-115 degree F	No pretreatment	8-10 hours
Mangoes	Wash, slice and cut into 1/4″ thick.	135 degree F	No pretreatment	8-10 hours
Guava	Wash, scoop out seeds with spoon and slice them to 4mm thickness	135 -140 degree F	No pretreatment	6 hours

Check if the fruit is done during this time, or until there is no visible moisture. Bear in mind that fruit drying time will depend on the following factors as well:

• The size of fruit being dried
• Whether it is cut into whole, halves or slices
• Amount of water content in the fruit
• The humidity levels

Generally, cut fruit is dry when it can be folded in half without sticking to its inner portion.

Once the drying is over, the fruit should cool an hour before packing. If it is not, sweat and moisture build-up can take place. But don’t wait beyond this to package the dried air as humidity can cause moisture to enter the fruit (4).

Fruit, when properly dried, will have 20% moisture. Some pieces may have even more or less based on factors like their placing on the dehydrator tray and variance in the size of the slices. Make sure the moisture is evenly distributed using the process of conditioning. In this process, you must place dried fruit in an airtight jar or bag and let it remain sealed for 7-10 days. The pieces should be shaken in the jar so that excess moisture is absorbed in drier pieces (5). See the table below for approximate drying times:

Vegetables Dehydrating Time and Temperature Guide

When you dry veggies in a dehydrator, you need to check the quality of the final product. If it takes exceptionally long to dry the vegetable, its flavor is lost. To lower the time needed to dry vegetables, they should be cut into small pieces. Vegetables need to be dried until they are brittle and contain only 10 percent moisture. No germs can thrive in the dried veggies as a result of this.

The table below shows how some vegetables are better for drying than others at 110-115 degrees F.

Vegetable	Method	Temperature	Dehydrating Time
Asparagus	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	4-6 hours
Green Beans	Wash cut short and freeze before blanching	110-115 degree F	8-14 hours
Beets	Wash cut cook and peel. Dice to 1/8 of inch	110-115 degree F	10-12 hours
Carrots	Wash cut cook and peel. Dice to 1/8 of inch	110-115 degree F	10-12 hours
Garlic	Chop and peel well	110-115 degree F	6-8 hours
Okra	Clean, wash and dry, Then peel 1/4 to 1/8 inch thick	110-115 degree F	6-8 hours
Onion	Clean, wash and dry, Then peel 1/4 to 1/8 inch thick	110-115 degree F	3-9 hours
Potatoes	Wash and peel. Cut into strips that are 1/4-inch thick or into slices that are 1/8-inch thick.	110-115 degree F	8-12 hours
Tomatoes	Rinse, dip into boiling water chill in cold water and peel. Cut into 3/4 inch wide or slice	110-115 degree F	10-18 hours
Eggplant	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	4-8 hours
Greens	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	3-7 hours
Mushrooms	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	3-7 hours
Okra	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	4-8 hours
Onions	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	4-8 hours
Parsnips	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	7-11 hours
Peas	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	4-8 hours
Peppers / Hot Peppers	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	4-8 hours
Corn	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	4-8 hours
Pumpkin	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	7-11 hours
Summer Squash	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	10-14 hours
Turnips	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	8-12 hours
Winter Squash	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	7-11 hours
Yams	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	7-11 hours
Zucchini	Wash and cut in half	110-115 degree F	7-11 hours

Always dehydrate foods with clean hands and on clean trays. The vegetables should be thoroughly washed before drying. Trim, slice and peel vegetables, removing the rotten or damaged areas. Slices should be kept in uniform pieces. Dry vegetables should be dehydrated once picked from the garden and purchased from the store. If they are in the fridge before drying, the quality of the vegetables will lower and nutrients will be eliminated.

Pre-treating the vegetables requires blanching with steam or boiling water before dehydrating it. This heats the vegetables to temperatures high enough to stop enzymes that trigger loss of taste and color.

But some veggies do not require blanching before dehydrating. These include green peppers, mushrooms, and onions.

The types of blanching include:

• Water blanching
• Steam blanching

Most vegetables need to blanch with either steam or water. Cooling and drying the vegetables after blanching is important. This prevents the cooking action that is caused by hot water. The vegetables must be trained and slightly hot to touch when they are placed in the dehydrator in a single layer on the trays.

Veggies tend to dry more rapidly towards the close of the dehydrating period so they need to be carefully watched (6). Conditioning is not required as the vegetables contain just 10 percent moisture. Veggies with strong odors should be separately dried to prevent flavor mixing (7).

Herbs and Spices Dehydrating Time and Temperature Guide

The easiest method of preserving herbs and spices, so that they do not lose their potency is to dehydrate them. Herbs and spices take anywhere from 2-4 hours to dehydrate at 110 to 115 degrees F. The best time to harvest the herbs are when they are harvested.

When the flowers are at the bursting bud stage, the herb should be harvested. Rinsing the herbs in cool water once they have been collected and shaking them to remove excess moisture is important. Discard bruised, damaged or soiled leaves.

Pre-heating the dehydrator with a 95-115 degree F thermostat is essential for the best results. Areas of higher humidity may even require preheating of more than 125 degrees F. Herbs need to be placed on a single layer in the dehydrator trays and periodically checked. Herbs are dry when they easily crumble, and stems are broken when bent.

Less tender herbs are easiest to dry and they dehydrate faster. This includes rosemary, sage, thyme, parsley, and summer savory. Tender leaf herbs like lemon balm, mint, basil, oregano and tarragon will spoil if they are not dehydrated and take longer to dehydrate on account of higher moisture content. Dried herbs are usually 2-4 times stronger than fresh herbs. They are also easier to store.

Item	Dehydrating Temperature	Dehydrating Time
Herbs and Spices	110-115 degree F	2-4 hours

Meat Jerky Dehydrating Time and Temperature Guide

A lightweight, dried meat product, jerky is the choice food of campers, sports enthusiasts and backpackers. Jerky can be made from lean meat. This includes beef, pork, venison or smoked turkey. Raw poultry or chicken jerky is not recommended because the texture and flavor of the finished product are not satisfactory.

To treat the meat, freezing 6-inch portions or less at 0 degree F for at least 30 days saves the product from bacteria. This includes raw meats like high protein beef, venison, etc. Clean hands and utensils are important.

Meat and poultry should be kept at 40 degrees F. Using ground beef and poultry within 2 days, red meats within 3-5 days are necessary. If you are using the fresh game for making the jerky, check the meat is clean of wounds. Thoroughly cooked meat should be dehydrated if the game meat is being dehydrated.

Meat should be sliced at ¼ inch and not be containing any fat. Excess fat makes the jerky chewy and rancid. The dehydrator offers meat jerky within 10-24 hours at 140 degrees F.

Samples heated in marinade dry quicker. If strips are not heated in the marinade before dehydrating, they should be heated after drying in an oven for a safety measure at 10 minutes in a 275 degrees F preheated appliance. Though thicker strips may require additional drying, there are different steps when it comes to making jerky from ground meat.

Special presses are needed for forming or shaping the product. An internal temperature of 160 degrees F is necessary for eliminating disease-causing bacteria.

Using a calibrated thermometer, you need to monitor the air temperature of the dehydrator. Pre-heating the dehydrator to 145 degrees F for 15-30 minutes is essential. Well, dehydrated jerky is leathery and brittle but won’t snap. The dehydrating temperature for jerky ranges from 160 to 165 degrees F.

Item	Temperature	Dehydrating Time
Meat and Poultry Jerky	160-165 degree F	4-6 hours
Fish Jerky	160-165 degree F	12-14 hours

Fruit Leather Dehydrating Time and Temperature

Fruit leather is made from drying thin layers of fruit puree in a dehydrator. Fruit leather takes 4-10 hours at 140 to 145 degrees F for drying properly. Dehydrating fruit leather is simple. The properly dried fruit leather lacks opacity and is easily peeled from the pan though tacky to touch. Drying thin layers of pureed fruit called fruit rolls or taffies, fruit leathers are whole and nutritious snacks for those on the go.

Many combinations of fruits can be made into fruit leather after being placed in a blender to gain mash like consistency. This includes apricots, apples, grapes, berries, bananas, oranges, pineapples, plums, peaches, and melons.

It is best to heat the fruit before drying to 160 degrees F as well, Preheating stops enzyme action maturing preserving the natural color of fruit and speeding up the drying process (9).

Item	Temperature	Dehydrating Time
Leather & Fruit Roll	160-165 degree F	4-6 hours

Conclusion

Dehydrating different types of food items is easy provided you follow the proper procedure. Dehydrator drying times vary across models and brands of dehydrators. Depending on whether the dehydrator has a fan or not, whether it is an economy or premium stackable model or a vertical dehydrator, this can make a difference to the drying times.

Equally important is the positioning of the trays and whether these are switchable, stackable and easy to position. Dehydrating food is simple and one of the best ways to preserve its nutritious value. Buy the right dehydrator and opt for speedy drying times for your fruits, vegetables, leather, and jerky as well as herbs and spices.